Relative Clauses: فاصلة واحدة تقلب حدود القرار… من يُشمل، من يُستبعد، ومن يتحمّل المسؤولية؟

Grant dashboard access to the employees who completed the security training.

امنح صلاحية الوصول إلى لوحة المعلومات للموظفين الذين أكملوا تدريب الأمن.

Grant dashboard access to the employees, who completed the security training.

امنح الصلاحية للموظفين المشار إليهم، مع إضافة أنهم أكملوا التدريب.

Employees who completed the security training may access the dashboard.

Only employees who completed the security training may access the dashboard.

لا يُسمح بالوصول إلى لوحة المعلومات إلا للموظفين الذين أكملوا تدريب الأمن.

Employees may access the dashboard only if they have completed the security training and received written approval from the system owner.

لا يُسمح للموظفين بالوصول إلا بعد إكمال التدريب والحصول على موافقة خطية من مالك النظام.

The investigator interviewed the assistant of the director who approved the exception.

القراءة الأقرب تربط who approved the exception بالمدير، لكن تركيب العبارة الاسمية يتيح أيضًا ربط الوصف بالمساعد. هنا قد يتغيّر الشخص الذي ينسب إليه التقرير الموافقة.

The director approved the exception. The investigator interviewed the director’s assistant.

وافق المدير على الاستثناء، وأجرى المحقّق مقابلة مع مساعد المدير.

The director’s assistant approved the exception. The investigator interviewed the assistant.

وافق مساعد المدير على الاستثناء، وأجرى المحقّق مقابلة مع المساعد.

The committee changed the pricing model, which triggered a client escalation.

صياغة صحيحة نحويًا: القراءة الطبيعية هنا أن التغيير دفع العميل إلى التصعيد. موضع المراجعة هو دقة نسبة السبب في التقرير.

The committee’s change to the pricing model triggered a client escalation.

أدى تغيير اللجنة لنموذج التسعير إلى تصعيد من العميل.

The committee changed the pricing model. The client escalated the issue later that day.

غيّرت اللجنة نموذج التسعير. وصعّد العميل المسألة في وقت لاحق من ذلك اليوم.

We will prioritize vendors that serve markets that are growing and that have contracts that expire this year.

We will prioritize vendors that meet both criteria: they serve growing markets, and their contracts expire this year.

سنمنح الأولوية للمورّدين الذين يستوفون المعيارين معًا: يخدمون أسواقًا تنمو، وتنتهي عقودهم هذا العام.

1. Which sentence explicitly restricts permission to employees who completed the training?

1. Employees who completed the training may access only the dashboard.
2. All employees may access the dashboard, including those who completed the training.
3. Only employees who completed the training may access the dashboard.
4. Employees who completed only the training may access the dashboard.

2. Six auditors are already identified. All six work remotely and will attend the review. Which sentence presents remote work as additional information about that known group?

1. The auditors, who work remotely, will attend the review.
2. The auditors who work remotely will attend the review.
3. Only the auditors who work remotely will attend the review.
4. The auditors will attend the review if they work remotely.

3. The investigator interviewed the director’s assistant. The assistant approved the exception. Which report preserves both facts and makes the approving person explicit?

1. The investigator interviewed the assistant of the director who approved the exception.
2. The director approved the exception. The investigator interviewed the director’s assistant.
3. The investigator interviewed the director, whose assistant approved the exception.
4. The director’s assistant approved the exception. The investigator interviewed the assistant.

4. In “The committee changed the pricing model, which triggered a client escalation,” which is intended to refer to the committee’s action. Which rewrite names that action explicitly as the cause?

1. The committee’s revised pricing model triggered a client escalation.
2. The committee’s change to the pricing model triggered a client escalation.
3. The client escalation prompted the committee to change the pricing model.
4. The pricing model changed after the client escalated the issue.

5. Records establish an update at 09:00 and a platform failure at 11:00. The cause is unknown. Which report states those facts without adding a causal claim or hypothesis?

1. The platform failed at 11:00 because the 09:00 update was incomplete.
2. The 09:00 platform update may have caused the failure at 11:00.
3. The 09:00 platform update triggered a failure two hours later.
4. The platform was updated at 09:00. It failed at 11:00.

6. Which shorter version preserves “vendors that serve markets that are growing” without adding a new criterion?

1. vendors serving growing markets
2. vendors serving high-growth markets
3. vendors serving profitable markets
4. vendors serving consistently growing markets

7. Priority is available only to vendors that meet two requirements: they serve growing markets, and their own contracts expire this year. Which policy states both requirements?

1. We will prioritize vendors that serve growing markets or have contracts expiring this year.
2. We will prioritize vendors serving growing markets, especially those with contracts expiring this year.
3. We will prioritize vendors only if they serve growing markets and their contracts expire this year.
4. We will prioritize vendors whose contracts expire this year, even if their markets are not growing.

8. A policy says: “Employees may access the dashboard only if they have completed training and received written approval.” Maya has done both. What follows from this sentence alone?

1. Both conditions are satisfied, so access must now be granted.
2. Both stated prerequisites are satisfied; this sentence alone does not guarantee access.
3. Satisfying either prerequisite would have been enough; satisfying both confirms access.
4. Access must still be refused because the sentence does not explicitly grant it.

9. An editor deletes “who handle customer data” from “The policy covers employees who handle customer data.” Which check directly tests whether the intended scope survived?

1. Whether “employees” now refers to a wider group than intended.
2. Whether the remaining words still form a complete grammatical sentence.
3. Whether the deleted information would fit naturally in a footnote.
4. Whether “who” could have been replaced with “that” before deletion.

10. You are identifying reports by whether they contain personal data. Which sentence correctly uses which in a defining relative clause?

1. Reports, which contain personal data, require review.
2. Reports require review, which contain personal data.
3. Reports which contain personal data require review.
4. Reports which contain personal data, require review.